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Winter driving tips
Top winter driving tips for when the UK weather turns cold, wet, snowy and icy!
The UK’s relatively mild climate means most of us rarely experience driving in severe snow, wild winds or slick ice. It means that when bad weather does strike, many of us are unsure what to do but this is where our winter driving guide can help.
We’ve put together a comprehensive guide to driving this winter with top safety tips and advice for handling your car on cold days and dark nights. This guide covers all the basics from dealing with ice and snow on the road to coping in the high winds, rain and floods that are more common in the UK.
We also include more general tips and techniques for driving in extreme weather; how to make the most of your car's ABS braking system, for example, and what to do in understeer or oversteer situations. There's also a section on preparing your car correctly for winter driving.
The winter months pose a whole new set of challenges for UK motorists and our guide is designed as a useful refresher course that will benefit drivers of all experience levels when the weather turns cold.
But once on the road in wintry weather, the most important thing to do is to slow down so that your speed matches the prevailing road and traffic conditions. It’s an easy solution to most winter driving situations; you just have to make yourself do it.
Finally, create more ‘time and space’ to enable safety to be maintained – drivers only crash when they run out of time or space.
The ABS braking system uses sensors to determine if a wheel is on the verge of locking up during heavy braking. If a wheel tries to lock up, a series of hydraulic valves limits and reduces the braking pressure on the wheel/s to prevent skidding and allow the driver to maintain steering control.
However, ABS shouldn’t be used as an excuse to drive into hazards more quickly, or drive closer to the vehicle in front. Plus, on slippery surfaces, bear in mind that ABS doesn’t work as well – and on sheet ice, nothing will stop you except crashing into the kerbside or another object. Safe speed is the key for winter driving. Braking without ABS In Emergency Braking pedals
Most modern cars are fitted with ABS, but older models – such as those that young drivers may consider as a first car – are unlikely to be equipped with the system.
However, drivers can almost create their own ABS in a car that doesn’t have it fitted. If you find yourself travelling too quickly in wet or slippery conditions and try to stop suddenly, the wheels are likely to lock up and the car could start to skid.
In order to stop without skidding, rhythmically pump your foot up and down on the brake. This will essentially replicate what an ABS system does, albeit nowhere near as effectively. Remember to look where you want the car to go and steer there, and try not to ‘panic freeze’.” ABS: avoiding a collision
ABS braking and steering
ABS is a fantastic aid to driver safety, but only if you know what it does and how to use it in emergencies – which many people don’t. The key benefit of the system is that it allows maximum braking force to be applied, yet the driver can still steer the car to avoid a collision.
However, many people in that situation will often ‘panic freeze’, and continue to look in front of them, steering in a straight line and potentially hitting an obstacle ahead. To stop this from happening, shout ‘brake and steer’. Saying this out loud should help you focus your thought process, giving you time to act appropriately to avoid hitting anything.
From applying too much power to braking too abruptly or steering erratically, all of these things can upset the balance of the car and ultimately lead to unsafe situations. Remember to brake, accelerate, change gear and apply steering angle as smoothly as possible. Set a goal to do this to the point where your actions are so smooth, your passengers can’t tell that you’re changing gear or braking. Smoothness will aid your safety in poor conditions.
The other key factor in keeping safe in bad weather conditions is your speed. In normal dry road conditions, the two-second rule to the car in front still applies, but in wet weather you need to double this, while in icy conditions this should be up to 10 times greater.
Extended separation distances are crucial in poor conditions where the road is slippery and tailgating can be suicidal.
It’s not just grip on the road that can alter things, but visibility can be hugely affected when driving in fog or heavy rain. You see obstacles much later and this impacts on your ability to assess how to respond. Match your speed to visibility: the less you see, the slower you need to drive.
The UK’s relatively mild climate means most of us rarely experience driving in severe snow, wild winds or slick ice. It means that when bad weather does strike, many of us are unsure what to do but this is where our winter driving guide can help.
We’ve put together a comprehensive guide to driving this winter with top safety tips and advice for handling your car on cold days and dark nights. This guide covers all the basics from dealing with ice and snow on the road to coping in the high winds, rain and floods that are more common in the UK.
We also include more general tips and techniques for driving in extreme weather; how to make the most of your car's ABS braking system, for example, and what to do in understeer or oversteer situations. There's also a section on preparing your car correctly for winter driving.
The winter months pose a whole new set of challenges for UK motorists and our guide is designed as a useful refresher course that will benefit drivers of all experience levels when the weather turns cold.
Preparing your car for winter
The first habit to develop is to ensure that your car is ready for the more extreme weather before you even set off. That means everything from checking the engine coolant to making sure your tyres have the correct (and legal) amount of tread and are running at the right pressure.But once on the road in wintry weather, the most important thing to do is to slow down so that your speed matches the prevailing road and traffic conditions. It’s an easy solution to most winter driving situations; you just have to make yourself do it.
Finally, create more ‘time and space’ to enable safety to be maintained – drivers only crash when they run out of time or space.
Using ABS brakes correctly
Stringent safety regulations mean anti-lock braking systems (ABS) are a standard feature on most cars these days. But while most people are aware that their model is equipped with the set-up, few know what it does, or how it should be used if they’re in a situation that demands it.The ABS braking system uses sensors to determine if a wheel is on the verge of locking up during heavy braking. If a wheel tries to lock up, a series of hydraulic valves limits and reduces the braking pressure on the wheel/s to prevent skidding and allow the driver to maintain steering control.
However, ABS shouldn’t be used as an excuse to drive into hazards more quickly, or drive closer to the vehicle in front. Plus, on slippery surfaces, bear in mind that ABS doesn’t work as well – and on sheet ice, nothing will stop you except crashing into the kerbside or another object. Safe speed is the key for winter driving. Braking without ABS In Emergency Braking pedals
Most modern cars are fitted with ABS, but older models – such as those that young drivers may consider as a first car – are unlikely to be equipped with the system.
However, drivers can almost create their own ABS in a car that doesn’t have it fitted. If you find yourself travelling too quickly in wet or slippery conditions and try to stop suddenly, the wheels are likely to lock up and the car could start to skid.
In order to stop without skidding, rhythmically pump your foot up and down on the brake. This will essentially replicate what an ABS system does, albeit nowhere near as effectively. Remember to look where you want the car to go and steer there, and try not to ‘panic freeze’.” ABS: avoiding a collision
ABS braking and steering
ABS is a fantastic aid to driver safety, but only if you know what it does and how to use it in emergencies – which many people don’t. The key benefit of the system is that it allows maximum braking force to be applied, yet the driver can still steer the car to avoid a collision.
However, many people in that situation will often ‘panic freeze’, and continue to look in front of them, steering in a straight line and potentially hitting an obstacle ahead. To stop this from happening, shout ‘brake and steer’. Saying this out loud should help you focus your thought process, giving you time to act appropriately to avoid hitting anything.
Less speed and more smoothness
There are a number of factors that can affect a vehicle’s stability, and these can have a greater impact in poor weather.From applying too much power to braking too abruptly or steering erratically, all of these things can upset the balance of the car and ultimately lead to unsafe situations. Remember to brake, accelerate, change gear and apply steering angle as smoothly as possible. Set a goal to do this to the point where your actions are so smooth, your passengers can’t tell that you’re changing gear or braking. Smoothness will aid your safety in poor conditions.
The other key factor in keeping safe in bad weather conditions is your speed. In normal dry road conditions, the two-second rule to the car in front still applies, but in wet weather you need to double this, while in icy conditions this should be up to 10 times greater.
Extended separation distances are crucial in poor conditions where the road is slippery and tailgating can be suicidal.
It’s not just grip on the road that can alter things, but visibility can be hugely affected when driving in fog or heavy rain. You see obstacles much later and this impacts on your ability to assess how to respond. Match your speed to visibility: the less you see, the slower you need to drive.
Salt Water Car? - Not So Fast
The Discovery Channel is still under heavy criticism for their fake
documentaries involving sharks that never existed, and mermaids. Their D
News YouTube channel is having some credibility issues as well. On a
recently posted video, hipster host Julian Huguet gushes over a new car that “runs on salt water.”
After some reasonable background information on the limitations of fossil fuel and current battery technology, Huguet introduces the QUANT e-Sportlimousine concept car, which he claims can run on salt water, producing only water as a byproduct – no carbon emissions. Huguet further explains that while electric cars run on clean electricity, that electricity has to come from somewhere, and in the US it is likely to be a coal burning plant.
This is all correct – but he completely misses a critically important point: the exact same issue exists with the QUANT e-Sportlimousine.
There have been previous claims for engines that can run on salt water or fresh water. These claims are usually based on the electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen, then using that hydrogen as fuel, burning it back with oxygen to make energy and water. The problem with using electrolysis of water as fuel is thermodynamics – it has to take more energy to split the water in the first place then you can possibly get back by burning the hydrogen back with the oxygen.
The QUANT e, however, does not use this method. Rather, it uses nanoflowcell technology. This is essentially a battery that uses salt water solutions to store electrolytes that can undergo reactions to produce electricity.
But – Huguet implied that the car would be “running on salt water” and would have an advantage over conventional batteries that have to be powered by coal burning power plants. The electrolyte fluids in the nanoflowcell would also have to be recharged, and this energy would have to come from somewhere (such as a power plant) like any other battery.
While the nanoflowcell is an interesting approach, and we may see cars with this type of battery in production in the future, this technology is not a solution to our energy needs. The salt water electrolyte fluids are not fuel. They are not a source of energy. They are simply an energy storage medium, just like any battery. And that energy has to come from somewhere.
It seems that Discovery needs to invest in better science writers.
After some reasonable background information on the limitations of fossil fuel and current battery technology, Huguet introduces the QUANT e-Sportlimousine concept car, which he claims can run on salt water, producing only water as a byproduct – no carbon emissions. Huguet further explains that while electric cars run on clean electricity, that electricity has to come from somewhere, and in the US it is likely to be a coal burning plant.
This is all correct – but he completely misses a critically important point: the exact same issue exists with the QUANT e-Sportlimousine.
There have been previous claims for engines that can run on salt water or fresh water. These claims are usually based on the electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen, then using that hydrogen as fuel, burning it back with oxygen to make energy and water. The problem with using electrolysis of water as fuel is thermodynamics – it has to take more energy to split the water in the first place then you can possibly get back by burning the hydrogen back with the oxygen.
The QUANT e, however, does not use this method. Rather, it uses nanoflowcell technology. This is essentially a battery that uses salt water solutions to store electrolytes that can undergo reactions to produce electricity.
“Liquid electrolytes circulate through two separate cells in which a “cold burning” takes place, during which oxidation and reduction processes happen in parallel and thereby produce electrical power for the drive train.”When the nanoflowcell battery is running low, you could just replace the electrolyte fluid to “recharge” the battery in about the same amount of time as filling a tank with gas (although you would have to refill two tanks with 200 liters each). This is an interesting approach, but is not a concept new to the nanoflowcell. The company claims a projected range of 400-600km (250-375 miles). With a respectable range and reasonably fast recharge, this kind of technology could make all electric cars feasible for the general market.
But – Huguet implied that the car would be “running on salt water” and would have an advantage over conventional batteries that have to be powered by coal burning power plants. The electrolyte fluids in the nanoflowcell would also have to be recharged, and this energy would have to come from somewhere (such as a power plant) like any other battery.
While the nanoflowcell is an interesting approach, and we may see cars with this type of battery in production in the future, this technology is not a solution to our energy needs. The salt water electrolyte fluids are not fuel. They are not a source of energy. They are simply an energy storage medium, just like any battery. And that energy has to come from somewhere.
It seems that Discovery needs to invest in better science writers.
Top 10 4x4 buying tips
- Choose the best 4x4 for you – whether you drive in the Highlands or the high street
- How to keep your running costs as low as possible
- 4x4s can be the perfect answer to winter woes – or a financial black hole
Sales of 4x4s are booming, as buyers realise the benefits of a high driving position and all-wheel drive.
There's now a huge choice of 4x4s, also known as sport utility vehicles (SUVs) or off-roaders, on sale.
Find out which are the best 4x4s according to our in-depth tests and annual reliability survey. If you're not a Which? member, sign up for just £1 to get access to all our car reviews.
1. Do you actually need a 4x4?
The most important question is: do you really need four-wheel drive? If you live on a farm or need to tow a horse box, the answer is probably 'yes'. Even if you occasionally need to cross a muddy field, we recommend a 4x4.However, if all you want to do is commute to the office or take the kids to school, there are other – more cost-effective – choices out there.
If you're mainly concerned about getting about in snow, consider buying a 4x4 version of a conventional car, such as an Audi A4 quattro, Subaru Legacy or Vauxhall Insignia Country Tourer.
2. Can you afford it?
Most 4x4s are more expensive to buy than an equivalent saloon or estate car. Fuel consumption, insurance, servicing and parts are typically costlier than for regular cars, too. Choose unwisely and running costs can be astronomical.On the flipside, depreciation (loss of value over time) tends to be less severe for 4x4s than, say, estate cars. But you still need to do your sums carefully before you buy. Fortunately, we've made this easy with our guide to car running costs.
3. Diesel, petrol or hybrid 4x4?
Most 4x4s sold in the UK are diesels. The reason is simple: fuel costs.Modern diesels are generally very refined and offer plenty of torque (pulling power) – which is great for towing. The online calculator will help you work out the relative costs of petrol and diesel engines.
There's also a trend towards hybrid 4x4s fitted with electric motors as well as conventional engines. These can have better fuel consumption and emissions than diesels.
The Lexus RX, for example, is only sold in hybrid form, while Porsche offers a hybrid version of its Cayenne. Peugeot's 508 RXH estate car is a diesel-electric hybrid (most hybrids are petrol-electric) with four-wheel drive.
4. Will my 4x4 break down?
Unfortunately, the sheer complexity of off-roaders means they often have far worse reliability records than hatchbacks or saloons. For example, the second worst-performing car brand in our latest 2014 Which? Car Survey was Land Rover. Its Discovery 3 (2004-2009) was rated the least reliable car overall.If you're looking for reliability, the three best 4x4s models in our most recent survey were, in descending order, the Honda CR-V (petrol versions), Toyota RAV4 and Ford Kuga.
It's worth considering a brand that offers a more generous warranty than the industry-standard three years and 60,000 miles. Kia's is the best in the business at seven years or 100,000 miles. Hyundai offers a five-year, unlimited-mileage warranty and Toyotas come with five years/100,000 miles of cover. Vauxhall's unlimited-time/100,000-mile warranty is impressive too, although it only applies to the first owner.
5. Not all 4x4s are practical
Not all 4x4s are the practical workhorses you might imagine. Having lots of four-wheel-drive kit under the car's floor can lead to compromised interior space. Boot space in particular can be quite limited, and the fact that the load floor is high off the ground means you have to lift luggage a long way.On the other hand, some 4x4s are genuine substitutes for a people carrier/MPV. Off-roaders available with seven seats include the Audi Q7, BMW X5, Hyundai Santa Fe, Kia Sorento and Mercedes-Benz GL.
6. Luxury and style
The days of ultra-basic off-roaders that you could hose-out after a day's work are all but over. Modern 4x4s feel like regular cars to sit in and to drive. And the choice of luxurious and stylish 4x4 vehicles continues to grow.The Range Rover Evoque sums this category up well. Its striking styling and sporty road manners have made it a real hit with buyers.
Choosing the right options is also important. Roof rails, parking sensors and self-levelling suspension are all sensible. But large alloy wheels and body styling kits are probably a waste of money.
7. Are 4x4s gas-guzzlers?
SUVs have acquired a reputation for being gas-guzzling monsters. Buy a V8 petrol-engined 4x4 and that might be fair analysis. But manufacturers are increasingly offering 'green' 4x4s for the green-welly brigade.For example, the Skoda Yeti Greenline II offers claimed fuel economy of 61.4mpg and CO2 emissions of 119g/km, meaning car tax will be just £30 a year.
8. Off-road stars
If you need to do some proper off-roading, make sure you buy a proper 4x4. By that, we mean one with a low-range transfer box that allows the car to crawl over tricky terrain at very slow speeds. All-terrain tyres are important, too – regular road tyres are all but useless when the going gets rough.Our off-road stars include the Jeep Wrangler, Land Rover Discovery 4 and Toyota Land Cruiser.
9. When is a 4x4 not a 4x4?
Answer: when it's a 4x2. There's been an increasing trend towards off-road-style cars that only have two-wheel drive. It's not only 'crossovers' or 'soft-roaders' like the Nissan Qashqai, Hyundai ix35 and Skoda Yeti that can be bought with front-wheel drive. Traditional-style 4x4s, such as the Land Rover Freelander, Kia Sorento and Volvo XC60 are all also available as 4x2s.Of course, some benefits of a 4x4 remain, including the high seating position and better ground clearance. But you won't benefit from the extra traction of a proper 4x4. On the other hand, the purchase price is usually lower and fuel economy is often significantly better.
10. Best off-roaders on the road
Since you'll probably be spending most of your time on Tarmac, it's important to consider how your off-roader behaves on the road.Crossovers are almost always better as everyday transport than 'traditional' 4x4s. All Audi and BMW Audi 4x4s are great to drive, and for on-road performance we also rate the Ford Kuga, Mazda CX-5, Range Rover Sport, Volvo XC60 and VW Touareg.
Car brands: A complete and updated list
Aston Martin
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: Ford, Prodrive boss David Richards, Adeem Investment, Investindustrial
Website: astonmartin.com
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: Ford, Prodrive boss David Richards, Adeem Investment, Investindustrial
Website: astonmartin.com
Corvette
Headquarters: USA (Chevrolet)
Parent company: Chevrolet, General Motors
Website: chevrolet.com/corvette-sports-cars
Headquarters: USA (Chevrolet)
Parent company: Chevrolet, General Motors
Website: chevrolet.com/corvette-sports-cars
Jaguar
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, subsidiary of Tata Motors
Website: jaguar.com
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, subsidiary of Tata Motors
Website: jaguar.com
Land Rover
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: Jaguar Land Rover, subsidiary of Tata Motors
Website: landrover.com
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: Jaguar Land Rover, subsidiary of Tata Motors
Website: landrover.com
Lotus
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: Proton, subsidiary of DRB Hicom
Website: lotuscars.com
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: Proton, subsidiary of DRB Hicom
Website: lotuscars.com
McLaren Automotive
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: McLaren Group
Website: mclarenautomotive.com
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: McLaren Group
Website: mclarenautomotive.com
Rolls-Royce Motor Cars
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: BMW AG
Website: rolls-roycemotorcars.com
Headquarters: United Kingdom
Parent company: BMW AG
Website: rolls-roycemotorcars.com
Tesla
Headquarters: Palo Alto, California, US
Parent company: Tesla Motors
Website: www.teslamotors.com
Headquarters: Palo Alto, California, US
Parent company: Tesla Motors
Website: www.teslamotors.com
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